计算机网络基础 阅读笔记
OSI协议
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物理层
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数据链路层
封装成帧
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透明传输
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差错检测
循环冗余检验 CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
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点对点信道 PPP协议 Point-to-Point Protocol
PPP协议是用户计算机和ISP进行通信是所用到的数据链路层协议
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广播信道 CSMA/CD协议
- 总线模型
- 载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测
- Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
集线器
- 不是星形模型
- 还是总线模型
- 使用CSMA/CD协议
MAC地址
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以太网交换机
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网络层
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网际协议 IP Internet Protocol
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分类的IP地址
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地址解析协议 ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ip -> mac转换
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IP数据报的格式
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IP层转发分组流程
分组转发算法
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子网 subnet & 子网掩码 subnet mask
IP地址 = { <网络号>, <子网号>, <主机号> }主机号>子网号>网络号>
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基于子网的分组转发算法
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无类别编址 CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
IP地址 = { <网络前缀>, <主机号> }主机号>网络前缀>
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路由聚合
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网际控制报文协议 ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
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ICMP差错报告报文
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ICMP询问报文
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路由选择协议
自治系统 Autonomous System
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内部网关协议 IGP Interior Gateway Protocol
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距离向量算法
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OSPF: Open Shortest Path first 开发最短路径优先
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外部网关协议 EGP External Gatewary Protocol
BGP只能是力求寻找一条能否到达目的地网络比较好的路由(不能兜圈子),而并非要找到一条最佳路由。
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虚拟专用网VPN
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网络地址转换NAT Network Address Translation
NAT
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NATP Network Address and Port Translation
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传输层
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用户数据报协议 User Datagram Protocol UDP
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传输控制协议 Transmission Control Protocol TCP
套接字Socket = (IP地址 : 端口号)
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TCP流量控制 Flow Control
流量控制就是让发送方的发送速率不要太快,要让接收方来得及接受
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TCP拥塞控制 Congestion Control
拥塞控制就是防止过多的数据注入到网络中,这样可以使网络中的路由器或链路不至过载
拥塞控制算法
- 满开始 slow-start
- 拥塞避免 congestion avoidance
- 快重传 fast retransmit
- 快恢复 fast recovery
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TCP三次握手
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TCP释放链接
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应用层
DNS
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HTTP
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SMTP、POP3、IMAP
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动态主机配置协议 DHCP
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网络安全
对称秘钥 & 公钥密码
- 对称秘钥:加密秘钥和解密秘钥使用相同的密码, e.g. DES
- 公钥秘钥:使用不同的加密秘钥和解密秘钥,e.g. RSA
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数字签名
报文鉴别
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加密
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对称秘钥分配
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公钥的分配
认证中心CA Certification Authority
SSL/TSL
- SSL Secure Socket Layer
- TLS Transport Layer Security
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Written on February 1, 2019